- Eurocode 2. Design Of Concrete Structures. Liquid Retaining And Containing Structures
- Eurocodes Download
- Introduction To Eurocode 2 Design Of Concrete Structures
In the eurocode series of European standards (EN) related to construction, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures (abbreviated EN 1992 or, informally, EC 2) specifies technical rules for the design of concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures, using the limit state design philosophy. It was approved by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) on 16 April 2004.
The book caters to students and engineers with little or no practical experience of design, as well as to more experienced engineers who may be unfamiliar with Eurocode 2. This book can be used as a stand-alone publication, or as a more detailed companion to Reynolds's Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook, now in its 11th edition. The book contains many worked examples to illustrate the various aspects of design that are presented in the text. The seventh edition of the text has been fully revised and updated to reflect the interpretation and use of Eurocode 2 since its introduction. Students and practitioners, both in the UK and elsewhere in the world where Eurocode 2 has been adopted, will find it a concise. This European Standard EN 1992-1-2, 'Design of concrete structures -Part 1-2 General rules - Structural fire design', has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC250 'Structural Eurocodes', the Secretariat of which is held by BSI.
DESIGNERS' GUIDES TO THE EUROCODES
Eurocode Designers 9 Guide Series
Designers' Guide to EN 1990. Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design. H. Gulvanessian, J.-A. Calgaro and
M. Holicky. 0 7277 3011 8. Published 2002.
Designers' Guide to EN 1994-1-I. Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures. Part I.I: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. R. P. Johnson and D. Anderson. 0 7277 3151 3. Published 2004.
Designers' Guide to EN 1997-1. Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design -General Rules. R. Frank, C. Bauduin,
R. Driscoll, M. Kawadas, N. Krebs Ovesen, T. Orr and B. Schuppener. 0 7277 3154 8. Published 2004.
Designers' Guide to EN 1993-1-I. Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. General Rules and Rules for Buildings.
L. Gardner and D. Nethercot. 0 7277 3163 7. Published 2004.
Designers' Guide to EN 1998-1 and EN 1998-5. Eurocode 8: Design Structures for Earthquake Resistance. General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings and Foundations. M. Fardis, E. Carvalho, A. Elnashai,
E. Faccioli, P. Pinto and A. Plumier. 0 7277 3348 6. Published 2005.
Designers' Guide to EN 1992-1-I and EN 1992-1-2. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures. General Rules and Rules for Buildings and Structural Fire Design. and 0 7277 3105 X. Published 2005.
Designers' Guide to EN 1991-4. Eurocode I: Actions on Structures. Wind Actions. N. Cook. 0 7277 3152 I. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1996. Eurocode 6: Part I.I: Design of Masonry Structures. J. Morton. 0 7277 3155 6. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1995-1-1. Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures. Common Rules and Rules for Buildings. C. Mettem. 0 7277 3162 9. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1991-I-2, 1992-1-2, 1993-1-2 and EN 1994-1-2. Eurocode I: Actions on Structures. Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures. Fire Engineering (Actions on Steel and Composite Structures). Y. Wang, C. Bailey, T. Lennon and D. Moore. 0 7277 3157 2. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1992-2. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures. Bridges. D. Smith and C. Hendy. 0 7277 3159 9. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1993-2. Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. Bridges. C. Murphy and C. Hendy. 0 7277 3160 2. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1994-2. Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures. Bridges.
R. Johnson and C. Hendy. 0 7277 3161 0. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1991-2, I99I-I-I, 1991-1-3 and 1991-1-5 to 1-7. Eurocode I: Actions on Structures. Traffic Loads and Other Actions on Bridges. J.-A. Calgaro, M. Tschumi, H. Gulvanessian and N. Shetty. 0 7277 3156 4. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1991-I-I, EN 1991-I-3 and 1991-I-5 to 1-7. Eurocode I: Actions on Structures. General Rules and Actions on Buildings (not Wind). H. Gulvanessian, J.-A. Calgaro, P. Formichi and G. Harding. 0 7277 3158 0. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
www. eurocodes.co.uk
DESIGNERS' GUIDES TO THE EUROCODES
DESIGNERS' GUIDE TO EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
DESIGNERS' GUIDE TO EN 1992-1 -1 AND EN 1992-1 -2 EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES GENERAL RULES AND RULES FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
A. W. BEEBY and R. S. NARAYANAN
Series editor
thomastelford
Published by Thomas Telford Limited, 40 Marsh Wall, London E14 9TP. www.thomastelford.com
Distributors for Thomas Telford books are Australia: DA Books and Journals, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132, Victoria
First published 2005 Reprinted with amendments 2009 Reprinted 2010
Eurocodes Expert
Structural Eurocodes offer the opportunity of harmonized design standards for the European construction market and the rest of the world. To achieve this, the construction industry needs to become acquainted with the Eurocodes so that the maximum advantage can be taken of these opportunities
Eurocodes Expert is a new ICE and Thomas Telford initiative set up to assist in creating a greater awareness of the impact and implementation of the Eurocodes within the UK construction industry
Eurocodes Expert provides a range of products and services to aid and support the transition to Eurocodes. For comprehensive and useful information on the adoption of the Eurocodes and their implementation process please visit our website or email eurocodes@thomastelford.com
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-7277-3105-0
Author and Thomas Telford Limited 2005
All rights, including translation, reserved. Except as permitted by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher, Thomas Telford Limited, 40 Marsh Wall, London E14 9TP.
This book is published on the understanding that the authors are solely responsible for the statements made and opinions expressed in it and that its publication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liability or responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the authors or publishers.
Typeset by Helius, Brighton and Rochester Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire
Preface
Introduction
EN 1992-1-1 (General Rules and Rules for Buildings) and EN 1992-1-2 (General Rules -Structural Fire Design) will replace BS 8110 Parts 1 and 2 in the near future. While the broad requirements of EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2 are not dissimilar to those in BS 8110, designers will still need to get used to new terminology, set of new documents and the interaction between them.
This guide has been written with the aim of providing practising civil engineers with some insight into the background to EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2. The authors have been involved with the evolution of the codes from their ENV (pre-standard) status. The guide starts with a brief outline of the Eurocode system and terminology. The code requirements are illustrated by some local examples. Some design aids are also provided. The guide can be used anywhere in Europe; but it should be noted that the UK values for the Nationally Determined Parameters (set by the UK National Annex at the time of going out to print) have been used in the handbook generally. Some adjustments may be required in this regard when used outside the UK.
All the practical aspects of application of EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2 to prestressed concrete design are included in Chapter 11 of this guide. The depth of coverage is limited, but the authors are indebted to Mr Keith Wilson of Faber Maunsell for drafting this chapter.
It is hoped that this guide will facilitate the effective use of Eurocode 2 by designers.
Layout of this guide
All cross-references in this guide to sections, clauses, subclauses, paragraphs, annexes, figures, tables and expressions of EN 1992-1-1 are in italic type, which is also used where text from EN 1992-1-1 has been directly reproduced (conversely, quotations from other sources, including other Eurocodes, and cross-references to sections, etc., of this guide, are in roman type). Expressions repeated from EN 1992-1-1 retain their numbering; other expressions have numbers prefixed by D (for Designers' Guide), e.g. equation (D5.1) in Chapter 5. The foregoing also applies to cross-references to EN 1992-1-2, discussed in Chapter 12.
R. S. Narayanan
A. W. Beeby
Contents
Preface v Introduction v Layout of this guide v
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1. Scope 1
1.2. Layout 1
1.3. Related documents 2
1.4. Terminology 2
Chapter 2 Basis of design 5
2.1. Notation 5
2.2. General 5
2.3. Fundamental requirements 5
2.4. Limit states 6
2.5. Actions
2.5.1.
2.5.2.
2.5.3.
2.5.4.
6 Classifications 6 Characteristic values of action 6 Design values of actions 7 Simplified load combinations 12
2.6. Material properties 12
2.6.1. Characteristic values 12
2.6.2. Design values 12
2.7. Geometric data 13
2.8. Verification 13
2.9. Durability 13 Example 2.1 14 Example 2.2 16 Example 2.3 16 Example 2.4 16
Chapter 3 Analysis 21
3.1. Introduction 21
3.2. Load cases and combination 21
3.3. Imperfections 25
3.3.1. General 25
3.3.2. Global analysis 25
DESIGNERS'GUIDE TO EN
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
1992-1-I AN D EN 1992-1-2
3.3.3. Design of slender elements 26
3.3.4. Members transferring forces to bracing elements 26
3.4. Second-order effects 26
3.5. Time-dependent effects 27
3.6. Design by testing 27
3.7. Structural analysis 28
3.7.1. Elastic analysis with or without redistribution 28
3.7.2. Plastic analysis 34
3.7.3. Non-linear analysis 35
3.7.4. Strut-and-tie models 36
3.8. Design aids and simplifications 38
3.8.1. One-way spanning slabs and continuous beams 38
3.8.2. Two-way spanning slabs 38
3.8.3. Flat slabs 43
3.8.4. Beams 49
3.8.5. Simplifications 49
Materials and design data 51
4.1. Concrete 51
4.1.1. General 51
4.1.2. Strength 51
4.1.3. Elastic deformation 51
4.1.4. Creep and shrinkage 52
4.1.5. Stress-strain relationships 52
4.2. Lightweight concrete 56
4.2.1. General 56
4.2.2. Density classes 56
4.2.3. Other modifying coefficients 57
4.2.4. Design compressive strength 57
4.3. Reinforcing steel 57
4.3.1. Strength (fyk) 57
4.3.2. Ductility 58
4.4. Prestressing steel 58
Design of sections for bending and axial force 59
5.1. Basic assumptions 59
5.1.1. Stress-strain curves 59
5.1.2. Assumptions relating to the strains at the ultimate limit state 63
5.2. Limiting compressive strains 63
5.2.1. Singly reinforced beams and slabs 64 Example 5.1: singly reinforced rectangular section 66
5.2.2. Doubly reinforced rectangular sections 66 Example 5.2: rectangular beam with compression reinforcement 67
5.2.3. Design of flanged sections (T or L beams) 67
5.2.4. Checking the moment of resistance of more complex section shapes 67
5.2.5. Design of rectangular column sections 68 Example 5.3: rectangular column section 78
5.2.6. Design for biaxial bending 78 Example 5.4: biaxially bent column section 81
5.2.7. Design of prestressed sections 83
CONTENTS
Chapter 6 Shear, punching shear and torsion 85
6.1. Shear - general 85
6.2. Background to the code provisions 85
6.2.1. Members without shear reinforcement 85
6.2.2. Strength of sections with shear reinforcement 86
6.2.3. Maximum shear strength of a section 89
6.2.4. Shear capacity enhancement near supports 90
6.2.5. Summary 91
6.3. Summary of the provisions in clause 6.2 of EN 1992-1-1 91 Example 6.1: T section 93
6.4. Torsion 95
6.4.1. Introduction 95
6.4.2. Evaluation of torsional moments 95
6.4.3. Verification 96
6.5. Punching shear 98
6.5.1. General 98
6.5.2. Basic control perimeter 98
6.5.3. Design shear force 99
6.5.4. Punching shear resistance of slabs without shear reinforcement 102
6.5.5. Reinforcement for punching shear 103 Example 6.2: lightly loaded slab-column connection 104 Example 6.3: heavily loaded slab-column connection requiring shear reinforcement 105
Chapter 7 Slender columns and beams 107
7.1. Scope 107
7.2. Background to design of columns for slenderness effects 107
7.3. Design for slenderness effects 112
7.3.1. Basic approaches 112
7.3.2. First-order moments 112
7.3.3. Moment magnifier method 113
7.3.4. Nominal curvature method 115 Example 7.1: uniaxially bent rectangular column 119
7.3.5. Other factors 121
7.3.6. Global second-order effects 123
7.3.7. Walls 123
7.3.8. Lateral buckling of slender beams 124
Chapter 8 Serviceability limit states 127
8.1. General 127
8.1.1. Assessment of design action effects 127
8.1.2. Material properties 128
8.2. Limitation of stresses under serviceability conditions 129
8.2.1. General 129
8.2.2. Procedure for stress checks 130 Example 8.1 135
8.3. Control of cracking 148
8.3.1. General 148
8.3.2. Minimum areas of reinforcement 150
8.3.3. Principles of the cracking phenomena 153
8.3.4. Derivation of crack prediction formulae 155
8.3.5. Checking cracking without direct calculation 157
DESIGNERS' GUIDE T O EN 1992-1-1 AN D EN 1992-1-2
Example 8.2 159
8.3.6. Checking cracking by direct calculation 159
8.4 Control of deflections 159
8.4.1. General 159
8.4.2. Deflection limits 160
8.4.3. Design loads 161
8.4.4. Material properties 161
8.4.5. Model of behaviour 161
8.4.6. Simplified approach to checking deflections 171
Chapter 9 Durability 173
9.1. General 173
9.1.1. Historical perspective 173
9.1.2. Common mechanisms leading to the deterioration of concrete structures 174
9.1.3. Relative importance of deterioration mechanisms 176
9.2. Design for durability 177
Chapter 10 Detailing 181
10.1. General 181
10.2. Discussion of the general requirements 181
10.2.1. Cover to bar reinforcement 182
10.2.2. Spacing of bars 182
10.2.3. Mandrel diameters for bars 182
10.2.4. Basic anchorage length 182
10.3. Anchorage of longitudinal bars 182
10.3.1. Design anchorage length 185
10.3.2. Transverse reinforcement at anchorage 185
10.4. Anchorage of links 187
10.5. Laps for bars 187
10.5.1. General 187
10.5.2. Design lap length 187
10.5.3. Transverse reinforcement 187
10.6. Additional requirements for large diameter bars 187
10.7. Requirements for weld mesh 188
10.8. Bundled bars 189
10.9. Detailing requirements for particular member types 189
10.9.1. Beams 189
10.9.2. Slabs 193
10.9.3. Columns 194
10.9.4. Walls 195
10.9.5. Corbels 196
10.9.6. Nibs 197
10.9.7. Reinforcement in flat slabs 197
Chapter 11 Prestressed concrete 199
11.1. General 199
11.2. Summary of main clauses 199
11.3. Durability 199
11.4. Design data 202
11.4.1. Concrete 202
11.4.2. Prestressing steel 202
11.4.3. Partial factors 204
x
CONTENTS
11.5. Design of sections for flexure and axial load 204
11.5.1. Ultimate limit state 204
11.5.2. Serviceability limit state 205
11.6. Design of sections for shear and torsion 207
11.6.1. Shear 207
11.6.2. Torsion 209
11.7. Prestress losses 209
11.7.1. General 209
11.7.2. Friction in jack and anchorages 209
11.7.3. Duct friction 209
11.7.4. Elastic deformation 209
11.7.5. Anchorage draw-in or slip 210
11.7.6. Time-dependent losses 210
11.8. Anchorage zones 211
11.8.1. Pre tensioned members 211
11.8.2. Post-tensioned members 212
Eurocode 2. Design Of Concrete Structures. Liquid Retaining And Containing Structures
11.9. Detailing 213
11.9.1. Spacing of tendons and ducts 213
11.9.2. Anchorages and couplers 213
11.9.3. Minimum area of tendons 213
11.9.4. Tendon profiles 215
Chapter 12 Structural fire design 217
12.1. Aims of design 217
12.2. Design procedure 217
12.3. Actions and partial factors 218
12.3.1. Actions 218
12.3.2. Material factors 218
12.4. Member analysis using tabular data 218
12.4.1. Scope 218
12.4.2. Basis for the tabulated data 219
12.4.3. Discussion of some features 219
12.5. Simple calculation methods 220
12.5.1. 500°C isotherm method 220
12.5.2. Zone method 221
12.5.3. AnnexE method 221
References 223
Index 225
DESIGNERS' GUIDES TO THE EUROCODES
Eurocode Designers 9 Guide Series
Designers' Guide to EN 1990. Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design. H. Gulvanessian, J.-A. Calgaro and
M. Holicky. 0 7277 3011 8. Published 2002.
Designers' Guide to EN 1994-1-I. Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures. Part I.I: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. R. P. Johnson and D. Anderson. 0 7277 3151 3. Published 2004.
Designers' Guide to EN 1997-1. Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design -General Rules. R. Frank, C. Bauduin,
R. Driscoll, M. Kawadas, N. Krebs Ovesen, T. Orr and B. Schuppener. 0 7277 3154 8. Published 2004.
Designers' Guide to EN 1993-1-I. Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. General Rules and Rules for Buildings.
L. Gardner and D. Nethercot. 0 7277 3163 7. Published 2004.
Designers' Guide to EN 1998-1 and EN 1998-5. Eurocode 8: Design Structures for Earthquake Resistance. General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings and Foundations. M. Fardis, E. Carvalho, A. Elnashai,
E. Faccioli, P. Pinto and A. Plumier. 0 7277 3348 6. Published 2005.
Designers' Guide to EN 1992-1-I and EN 1992-1-2. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures. General Rules and Rules for Buildings and Structural Fire Design. and 0 7277 3105 X. Published 2005.
Designers' Guide to EN 1991-4. Eurocode I: Actions on Structures. Wind Actions. N. Cook. 0 7277 3152 I. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1996. Eurocode 6: Part I.I: Design of Masonry Structures. J. Morton. 0 7277 3155 6. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1995-1-1. Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures. Common Rules and Rules for Buildings. C. Mettem. 0 7277 3162 9. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1991-I-2, 1992-1-2, 1993-1-2 and EN 1994-1-2. Eurocode I: Actions on Structures. Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures. Fire Engineering (Actions on Steel and Composite Structures). Y. Wang, C. Bailey, T. Lennon and D. Moore. 0 7277 3157 2. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1992-2. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures. Bridges. D. Smith and C. Hendy. 0 7277 3159 9. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1993-2. Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. Bridges. C. Murphy and C. Hendy. 0 7277 3160 2. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1994-2. Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures. Bridges.
R. Johnson and C. Hendy. 0 7277 3161 0. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1991-2, I99I-I-I, 1991-1-3 and 1991-1-5 to 1-7. Eurocode I: Actions on Structures. Traffic Loads and Other Actions on Bridges. J.-A. Calgaro, M. Tschumi, H. Gulvanessian and N. Shetty. 0 7277 3156 4. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1991-I-I, EN 1991-I-3 and 1991-I-5 to 1-7. Eurocode I: Actions on Structures. General Rules and Actions on Buildings (not Wind). H. Gulvanessian, J.-A. Calgaro, P. Formichi and G. Harding. 0 7277 3158 0. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
www. eurocodes.co.uk
DESIGNERS' GUIDES TO THE EUROCODES
DESIGNERS' GUIDE TO EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
DESIGNERS' GUIDE TO EN 1992-1 -1 AND EN 1992-1 -2 EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES GENERAL RULES AND RULES FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
A. W. BEEBY and R. S. NARAYANAN
Series editor
thomastelford
Published by Thomas Telford Limited, 40 Marsh Wall, London E14 9TP. www.thomastelford.com
Distributors for Thomas Telford books are Australia: DA Books and Journals, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132, Victoria
First published 2005 Reprinted with amendments 2009 Reprinted 2010
Eurocodes Expert
Structural Eurocodes offer the opportunity of harmonized design standards for the European construction market and the rest of the world. To achieve this, the construction industry needs to become acquainted with the Eurocodes so that the maximum advantage can be taken of these opportunities
Eurocodes Expert is a new ICE and Thomas Telford initiative set up to assist in creating a greater awareness of the impact and implementation of the Eurocodes within the UK construction industry
Eurocodes Expert provides a range of products and services to aid and support the transition to Eurocodes. For comprehensive and useful information on the adoption of the Eurocodes and their implementation process please visit our website or email eurocodes@thomastelford.com
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-7277-3105-0
Author and Thomas Telford Limited 2005
All rights, including translation, reserved. Except as permitted by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher, Thomas Telford Limited, 40 Marsh Wall, London E14 9TP.
This book is published on the understanding that the authors are solely responsible for the statements made and opinions expressed in it and that its publication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liability or responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the authors or publishers.
Typeset by Helius, Brighton and Rochester Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire
Preface
Introduction
EN 1992-1-1 (General Rules and Rules for Buildings) and EN 1992-1-2 (General Rules -Structural Fire Design) will replace BS 8110 Parts 1 and 2 in the near future. While the broad requirements of EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2 are not dissimilar to those in BS 8110, designers will still need to get used to new terminology, set of new documents and the interaction between them.
This guide has been written with the aim of providing practising civil engineers with some insight into the background to EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2. The authors have been involved with the evolution of the codes from their ENV (pre-standard) status. The guide starts with a brief outline of the Eurocode system and terminology. The code requirements are illustrated by some local examples. Some design aids are also provided. The guide can be used anywhere in Europe; but it should be noted that the UK values for the Nationally Determined Parameters (set by the UK National Annex at the time of going out to print) have been used in the handbook generally. Some adjustments may be required in this regard when used outside the UK.
All the practical aspects of application of EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2 to prestressed concrete design are included in Chapter 11 of this guide. The depth of coverage is limited, but the authors are indebted to Mr Keith Wilson of Faber Maunsell for drafting this chapter.
It is hoped that this guide will facilitate the effective use of Eurocode 2 by designers.
Layout of this guide
All cross-references in this guide to sections, clauses, subclauses, paragraphs, annexes, figures, tables and expressions of EN 1992-1-1 are in italic type, which is also used where text from EN 1992-1-1 has been directly reproduced (conversely, quotations from other sources, including other Eurocodes, and cross-references to sections, etc., of this guide, are in roman type). Expressions repeated from EN 1992-1-1 retain their numbering; other expressions have numbers prefixed by D (for Designers' Guide), e.g. equation (D5.1) in Chapter 5. The foregoing also applies to cross-references to EN 1992-1-2, discussed in Chapter 12.
R. S. Narayanan
A. W. Beeby
Contents
Preface v Introduction v Layout of this guide v
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1. Scope 1
1.2. Layout 1
1.3. Related documents 2
1.4. Terminology 2
Chapter 2 Basis of design 5
2.1. Notation 5
2.2. General 5
2.3. Fundamental requirements 5
2.4. Limit states 6
2.5. Actions
2.5.1.
2.5.2.
2.5.3.
2.5.4.
6 Classifications 6 Characteristic values of action 6 Design values of actions 7 Simplified load combinations 12
2.6. Material properties 12
2.6.1. Characteristic values 12
2.6.2. Design values 12
2.7. Geometric data 13
2.8. Verification 13
2.9. Durability 13 Example 2.1 14 Example 2.2 16 Example 2.3 16 Example 2.4 16
Chapter 3 Analysis 21
3.1. Introduction 21
3.2. Load cases and combination 21
3.3. Imperfections 25
3.3.1. General 25
3.3.2. Global analysis 25
DESIGNERS'GUIDE TO EN
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
1992-1-I AN D EN 1992-1-2
3.3.3. Design of slender elements 26
3.3.4. Members transferring forces to bracing elements 26
3.4. Second-order effects 26
3.5. Time-dependent effects 27
3.6. Design by testing 27
3.7. Structural analysis 28
3.7.1. Elastic analysis with or without redistribution 28
3.7.2. Plastic analysis 34
3.7.3. Non-linear analysis 35
3.7.4. Strut-and-tie models 36
3.8. Design aids and simplifications 38
3.8.1. One-way spanning slabs and continuous beams 38
3.8.2. Two-way spanning slabs 38
3.8.3. Flat slabs 43
3.8.4. Beams 49
3.8.5. Simplifications 49
Materials and design data 51
4.1. Concrete 51
4.1.1. General 51
4.1.2. Strength 51
4.1.3. Elastic deformation 51
4.1.4. Creep and shrinkage 52
4.1.5. Stress-strain relationships 52
4.2. Lightweight concrete 56
4.2.1. General 56
4.2.2. Density classes 56
4.2.3. Other modifying coefficients 57
4.2.4. Design compressive strength 57
4.3. Reinforcing steel 57
4.3.1. Strength (fyk) 57
4.3.2. Ductility 58
4.4. Prestressing steel 58
Design of sections for bending and axial force 59
5.1. Basic assumptions 59
5.1.1. Stress-strain curves 59
5.1.2. Assumptions relating to the strains at the ultimate limit state 63
5.2. Limiting compressive strains 63
5.2.1. Singly reinforced beams and slabs 64 Example 5.1: singly reinforced rectangular section 66
5.2.2. Doubly reinforced rectangular sections 66 Example 5.2: rectangular beam with compression reinforcement 67
5.2.3. Design of flanged sections (T or L beams) 67
5.2.4. Checking the moment of resistance of more complex section shapes 67
5.2.5. Design of rectangular column sections 68 Example 5.3: rectangular column section 78
5.2.6. Design for biaxial bending 78 Example 5.4: biaxially bent column section 81
5.2.7. Design of prestressed sections 83
CONTENTS
Chapter 6 Shear, punching shear and torsion 85
6.1. Shear - general 85
6.2. Background to the code provisions 85
6.2.1. Members without shear reinforcement 85
6.2.2. Strength of sections with shear reinforcement 86
6.2.3. Maximum shear strength of a section 89
6.2.4. Shear capacity enhancement near supports 90
6.2.5. Summary 91
6.3. Summary of the provisions in clause 6.2 of EN 1992-1-1 91 Example 6.1: T section 93
6.4. Torsion 95
6.4.1. Introduction 95
6.4.2. Evaluation of torsional moments 95
6.4.3. Verification 96
6.5. Punching shear 98
6.5.1. General 98
6.5.2. Basic control perimeter 98
6.5.3. Design shear force 99
3.1. Introduction 21
3.2. Load cases and combination 21
3.3. Imperfections 25
3.3.1. General 25
3.3.2. Global analysis 25
DESIGNERS'GUIDE TO EN
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
1992-1-I AN D EN 1992-1-2
3.3.3. Design of slender elements 26
3.3.4. Members transferring forces to bracing elements 26
3.4. Second-order effects 26
3.5. Time-dependent effects 27
3.6. Design by testing 27
3.7. Structural analysis 28
3.7.1. Elastic analysis with or without redistribution 28
3.7.2. Plastic analysis 34
3.7.3. Non-linear analysis 35
3.7.4. Strut-and-tie models 36
3.8. Design aids and simplifications 38
3.8.1. One-way spanning slabs and continuous beams 38
3.8.2. Two-way spanning slabs 38
3.8.3. Flat slabs 43
3.8.4. Beams 49
3.8.5. Simplifications 49
Materials and design data 51
4.1. Concrete 51
4.1.1. General 51
4.1.2. Strength 51
4.1.3. Elastic deformation 51
4.1.4. Creep and shrinkage 52
4.1.5. Stress-strain relationships 52
4.2. Lightweight concrete 56
4.2.1. General 56
4.2.2. Density classes 56
4.2.3. Other modifying coefficients 57
4.2.4. Design compressive strength 57
4.3. Reinforcing steel 57
4.3.1. Strength (fyk) 57
4.3.2. Ductility 58
4.4. Prestressing steel 58
Design of sections for bending and axial force 59
5.1. Basic assumptions 59
5.1.1. Stress-strain curves 59
5.1.2. Assumptions relating to the strains at the ultimate limit state 63
5.2. Limiting compressive strains 63
5.2.1. Singly reinforced beams and slabs 64 Example 5.1: singly reinforced rectangular section 66
5.2.2. Doubly reinforced rectangular sections 66 Example 5.2: rectangular beam with compression reinforcement 67
5.2.3. Design of flanged sections (T or L beams) 67
5.2.4. Checking the moment of resistance of more complex section shapes 67
5.2.5. Design of rectangular column sections 68 Example 5.3: rectangular column section 78
5.2.6. Design for biaxial bending 78 Example 5.4: biaxially bent column section 81
5.2.7. Design of prestressed sections 83
CONTENTS
Chapter 6 Shear, punching shear and torsion 85
6.1. Shear - general 85
6.2. Background to the code provisions 85
6.2.1. Members without shear reinforcement 85
6.2.2. Strength of sections with shear reinforcement 86
6.2.3. Maximum shear strength of a section 89
6.2.4. Shear capacity enhancement near supports 90
6.2.5. Summary 91
6.3. Summary of the provisions in clause 6.2 of EN 1992-1-1 91 Example 6.1: T section 93
6.4. Torsion 95
6.4.1. Introduction 95
6.4.2. Evaluation of torsional moments 95
6.4.3. Verification 96
6.5. Punching shear 98
6.5.1. General 98
6.5.2. Basic control perimeter 98
6.5.3. Design shear force 99
6.5.4. Punching shear resistance of slabs without shear reinforcement 102
6.5.5. Reinforcement for punching shear 103 Example 6.2: lightly loaded slab-column connection 104 Example 6.3: heavily loaded slab-column connection requiring shear reinforcement 105
Chapter 7 Slender columns and beams 107
7.1. Scope 107
7.2. Background to design of columns for slenderness effects 107
7.3. Design for slenderness effects 112
7.3.1. Basic approaches 112
7.3.2. First-order moments 112
7.3.3. Moment magnifier method 113
7.3.4. Nominal curvature method 115 Example 7.1: uniaxially bent rectangular column 119
7.3.5. Other factors 121
7.3.6. Global second-order effects 123
7.3.7. Walls 123
7.3.8. Lateral buckling of slender beams 124
Chapter 8 Serviceability limit states 127
8.1. General 127
8.1.1. Assessment of design action effects 127
8.1.2. Material properties 128
8.2. Limitation of stresses under serviceability conditions 129
8.2.1. General 129
8.2.2. Procedure for stress checks 130 Example 8.1 135
8.3. Control of cracking 148
8.3.1. General 148
8.3.2. Minimum areas of reinforcement 150
8.3.3. Principles of the cracking phenomena 153
8.3.4. Derivation of crack prediction formulae 155
8.3.5. Checking cracking without direct calculation 157
DESIGNERS' GUIDE T O EN 1992-1-1 AN D EN 1992-1-2
Example 8.2 159
8.3.6. Checking cracking by direct calculation 159
8.4 Control of deflections 159
8.4.1. General 159
8.4.2. Deflection limits 160
8.4.3. Design loads 161
8.4.4. Material properties 161
8.4.5. Model of behaviour 161
8.4.6. Simplified approach to checking deflections 171
Chapter 9 Durability 173
9.1. General 173
9.1.1. Historical perspective 173
9.1.2. Common mechanisms leading to the deterioration of concrete structures 174
9.1.3. Relative importance of deterioration mechanisms 176
9.2. Design for durability 177
Chapter 10 Detailing 181
10.1. General 181
10.2. Discussion of the general requirements 181
10.2.1. Cover to bar reinforcement 182
10.2.2. Spacing of bars 182
10.2.3. Mandrel diameters for bars 182
10.2.4. Basic anchorage length 182
10.3. Anchorage of longitudinal bars 182
10.3.1. Design anchorage length 185
10.3.2. Transverse reinforcement at anchorage 185
10.4. Anchorage of links 187
10.5. Laps for bars 187
10.5.1. General 187
10.5.2. Design lap length 187
10.5.3. Transverse reinforcement 187
10.6. Additional requirements for large diameter bars 187
10.7. Requirements for weld mesh 188
10.8. Bundled bars 189
10.9. Detailing requirements for particular member types 189
10.9.1. Beams 189
10.9.2. Slabs 193
10.9.3. Columns 194
10.9.4. Walls 195
10.9.5. Corbels 196
10.9.6. Nibs 197
10.9.7. Reinforcement in flat slabs 197
Chapter 11 Prestressed concrete 199
11.1. General 199
11.2. Summary of main clauses 199
11.3. Durability 199
11.4. Design data 202
11.4.1. Concrete 202
11.4.2. Prestressing steel 202
11.4.3. Partial factors 204
x
CONTENTS
11.5. Design of sections for flexure and axial load 204
11.5.1. Ultimate limit state 204
11.5.2. Serviceability limit state 205
11.6. Design of sections for shear and torsion 207
11.6.1. Shear 207
11.6.2. Torsion 209
11.7. Prestress losses 209
11.7.1. General 209
11.7.2. Friction in jack and anchorages 209
11.7.3. Duct friction 209
11.7.4. Elastic deformation 209
11.7.5. Anchorage draw-in or slip 210
11.7.6. Time-dependent losses 210
11.8. Anchorage zones 211
11.8.1. Pre tensioned members 211
11.8.2. Post-tensioned members 212
Eurocode 2. Design Of Concrete Structures. Liquid Retaining And Containing Structures
11.9. Detailing 213
11.9.1. Spacing of tendons and ducts 213
11.9.2. Anchorages and couplers 213
11.9.3. Minimum area of tendons 213
11.9.4. Tendon profiles 215
Chapter 12 Structural fire design 217
12.1. Aims of design 217
12.2. Design procedure 217
12.3. Actions and partial factors 218
12.3.1. Actions 218
12.3.2. Material factors 218
12.4. Member analysis using tabular data 218
12.4.1. Scope 218
12.4.2. Basis for the tabulated data 219
12.4.3. Discussion of some features 219
12.5. Simple calculation methods 220
12.5.1. 500°C isotherm method 220
12.5.2. Zone method 221
12.5.3. AnnexE method 221
References 223
Index 225
DESIGNERS' GUIDES TO THE EUROCODES
Eurocode Designers 9 Guide Series
Designers' Guide to EN 1990. Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design. H. Gulvanessian, J.-A. Calgaro and
M. Holicky. 0 7277 3011 8. Published 2002.
Designers' Guide to EN 1994-1-I. Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures. Part I.I: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. R. P. Johnson and D. Anderson. 0 7277 3151 3. Published 2004.
Designers' Guide to EN 1997-1. Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design -General Rules. R. Frank, C. Bauduin,
R. Driscoll, M. Kawadas, N. Krebs Ovesen, T. Orr and B. Schuppener. 0 7277 3154 8. Published 2004.
Designers' Guide to EN 1993-1-I. Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. General Rules and Rules for Buildings.
L. Gardner and D. Nethercot. 0 7277 3163 7. Published 2004.
Designers' Guide to EN 1998-1 and EN 1998-5. Eurocode 8: Design Structures for Earthquake Resistance. General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings and Foundations. M. Fardis, E. Carvalho, A. Elnashai,
E. Faccioli, P. Pinto and A. Plumier. 0 7277 3348 6. Published 2005.
Designers' Guide to EN 1992-1-I and EN 1992-1-2. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures. General Rules and Rules for Buildings and Structural Fire Design. and 0 7277 3105 X. Published 2005.
Designers' Guide to EN 1991-4. Eurocode I: Actions on Structures. Wind Actions. N. Cook. 0 7277 3152 I. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1996. Eurocode 6: Part I.I: Design of Masonry Structures. J. Morton. 0 7277 3155 6. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1995-1-1. Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures. Common Rules and Rules for Buildings. C. Mettem. 0 7277 3162 9. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1991-I-2, 1992-1-2, 1993-1-2 and EN 1994-1-2. Eurocode I: Actions on Structures. Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures. Fire Engineering (Actions on Steel and Composite Structures). Y. Wang, C. Bailey, T. Lennon and D. Moore. 0 7277 3157 2. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1992-2. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures. Bridges. D. Smith and C. Hendy. 0 7277 3159 9. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1993-2. Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. Bridges. C. Murphy and C. Hendy. 0 7277 3160 2. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1994-2. Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures. Bridges.
R. Johnson and C. Hendy. 0 7277 3161 0. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1991-2, I99I-I-I, 1991-1-3 and 1991-1-5 to 1-7. Eurocode I: Actions on Structures. Traffic Loads and Other Actions on Bridges. J.-A. Calgaro, M. Tschumi, H. Gulvanessian and N. Shetty. 0 7277 3156 4. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
Designers' Guide to EN 1991-I-I, EN 1991-I-3 and 1991-I-5 to 1-7. Eurocode I: Actions on Structures. General Rules and Actions on Buildings (not Wind). H. Gulvanessian, J.-A. Calgaro, P. Formichi and G. Harding. 0 7277 3158 0. Forthcoming: 2005 (provisional).
www. eurocodes.co.uk
DESIGNERS' GUIDES TO THE EUROCODES
DESIGNERS' GUIDE TO EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
DESIGNERS' GUIDE TO EN 1992-1 -1 AND EN 1992-1 -2 EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES GENERAL RULES AND RULES FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
A. W. BEEBY and R. S. NARAYANAN
Series editor
thomastelford
Published by Thomas Telford Limited, 40 Marsh Wall, London E14 9TP. www.thomastelford.com
Distributors for Thomas Telford books are Australia: DA Books and Journals, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132, Victoria
First published 2005 Reprinted with amendments 2009 Reprinted 2010
Eurocodes Expert
Structural Eurocodes offer the opportunity of harmonized design standards for the European construction market and the rest of the world. To achieve this, the construction industry needs to become acquainted with the Eurocodes so that the maximum advantage can be taken of these opportunities
Eurocodes Expert is a new ICE and Thomas Telford initiative set up to assist in creating a greater awareness of the impact and implementation of the Eurocodes within the UK construction industry
Eurocodes Expert provides a range of products and services to aid and support the transition to Eurocodes. For comprehensive and useful information on the adoption of the Eurocodes and their implementation process please visit our website or email eurocodes@thomastelford.com
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-7277-3105-0
Author and Thomas Telford Limited 2005
All rights, including translation, reserved. Except as permitted by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher, Thomas Telford Limited, 40 Marsh Wall, London E14 9TP.
This book is published on the understanding that the authors are solely responsible for the statements made and opinions expressed in it and that its publication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liability or responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the authors or publishers.
Typeset by Helius, Brighton and Rochester Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire
Preface
Introduction
EN 1992-1-1 (General Rules and Rules for Buildings) and EN 1992-1-2 (General Rules -Structural Fire Design) will replace BS 8110 Parts 1 and 2 in the near future. While the broad requirements of EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2 are not dissimilar to those in BS 8110, designers will still need to get used to new terminology, set of new documents and the interaction between them.
This guide has been written with the aim of providing practising civil engineers with some insight into the background to EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2. The authors have been involved with the evolution of the codes from their ENV (pre-standard) status. The guide starts with a brief outline of the Eurocode system and terminology. The code requirements are illustrated by some local examples. Some design aids are also provided. The guide can be used anywhere in Europe; but it should be noted that the UK values for the Nationally Determined Parameters (set by the UK National Annex at the time of going out to print) have been used in the handbook generally. Some adjustments may be required in this regard when used outside the UK.
All the practical aspects of application of EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2 to prestressed concrete design are included in Chapter 11 of this guide. The depth of coverage is limited, but the authors are indebted to Mr Keith Wilson of Faber Maunsell for drafting this chapter.
It is hoped that this guide will facilitate the effective use of Eurocode 2 by designers.
Layout of this guide
All cross-references in this guide to sections, clauses, subclauses, paragraphs, annexes, figures, tables and expressions of EN 1992-1-1 are in italic type, which is also used where text from EN 1992-1-1 has been directly reproduced (conversely, quotations from other sources, including other Eurocodes, and cross-references to sections, etc., of this guide, are in roman type). Expressions repeated from EN 1992-1-1 retain their numbering; other expressions have numbers prefixed by D (for Designers' Guide), e.g. equation (D5.1) in Chapter 5. The foregoing also applies to cross-references to EN 1992-1-2, discussed in Chapter 12.
R. S. Narayanan
A. W. Beeby
Contents
Preface v Introduction v Layout of this guide v
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1. Scope 1
1.2. Layout 1
1.3. Related documents 2
1.4. Terminology 2
Chapter 2 Basis of design 5
2.1. Notation 5
2.2. General 5
2.3. Fundamental requirements 5
2.4. Limit states 6
2.5. Actions
2.5.1.
2.5.2.
2.5.3.
2.5.4.
6 Classifications 6 Characteristic values of action 6 Design values of actions 7 Simplified load combinations 12
2.6. Material properties 12
2.6.1. Characteristic values 12
2.6.2. Design values 12
2.7. Geometric data 13
2.8. Verification 13
2.9. Durability 13 Example 2.1 14 Example 2.2 16 Example 2.3 16 Example 2.4 16
Chapter 3 Analysis 21
3.1. Introduction 21
3.2. Load cases and combination 21
3.3. Imperfections 25
3.3.1. General 25
3.3.2. Global analysis 25
DESIGNERS'GUIDE TO EN
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
1992-1-I AN D EN 1992-1-2
3.3.3. Design of slender elements 26
3.3.4. Members transferring forces to bracing elements 26
3.4. Second-order effects 26
3.5. Time-dependent effects 27
3.6. Design by testing 27
3.7. Structural analysis 28
3.7.1. Elastic analysis with or without redistribution 28
3.7.2. Plastic analysis 34
3.7.3. Non-linear analysis 35
3.7.4. Strut-and-tie models 36
3.8. Design aids and simplifications 38
3.8.1. One-way spanning slabs and continuous beams 38
3.8.2. Two-way spanning slabs 38
3.8.3. Flat slabs 43
3.8.4. Beams 49
3.8.5. Simplifications 49
Materials and design data 51
4.1. Concrete 51
4.1.1. General 51
4.1.2. Strength 51
4.1.3. Elastic deformation 51
4.1.4. Creep and shrinkage 52
4.1.5. Stress-strain relationships 52
4.2. Lightweight concrete 56
4.2.1. General 56
4.2.2. Density classes 56
4.2.3. Other modifying coefficients 57
4.2.4. Design compressive strength 57
4.3. Reinforcing steel 57
4.3.1. Strength (fyk) 57
4.3.2. Ductility 58
4.4. Prestressing steel 58
Design of sections for bending and axial force 59
5.1. Basic assumptions 59
5.1.1. Stress-strain curves 59
5.1.2. Assumptions relating to the strains at the ultimate limit state 63
5.2. Limiting compressive strains 63
5.2.1. Singly reinforced beams and slabs 64 Example 5.1: singly reinforced rectangular section 66
5.2.2. Doubly reinforced rectangular sections 66 Example 5.2: rectangular beam with compression reinforcement 67
5.2.3. Design of flanged sections (T or L beams) 67
5.2.4. Checking the moment of resistance of more complex section shapes 67
5.2.5. Design of rectangular column sections 68 Example 5.3: rectangular column section 78
5.2.6. Design for biaxial bending 78 Example 5.4: biaxially bent column section 81
5.2.7. Design of prestressed sections 83
CONTENTS
Chapter 6 Shear, punching shear and torsion 85
6.1. Shear - general 85
6.2. Background to the code provisions 85
6.2.1. Members without shear reinforcement 85
6.2.2. Strength of sections with shear reinforcement 86
6.2.3. Maximum shear strength of a section 89
6.2.4. Shear capacity enhancement near supports 90
6.2.5. Summary 91
6.3. Summary of the provisions in clause 6.2 of EN 1992-1-1 91 Example 6.1: T section 93
6.4. Torsion 95
6.4.1. Introduction 95
6.4.2. Evaluation of torsional moments 95
6.4.3. Verification 96
6.5. Punching shear 98
6.5.1. General 98
6.5.2. Basic control perimeter 98
6.5.3. Design shear force 99
6.5.4. Punching shear resistance of slabs without shear reinforcement 102
6.5.5. Reinforcement for punching shear 103 Example 6.2: lightly loaded slab-column connection 104 Example 6.3: heavily loaded slab-column connection requiring shear reinforcement 105
Chapter 7 Slender columns and beams 107
7.1. Scope 107
7.2. Background to design of columns for slenderness effects 107
7.3. Design for slenderness effects 112
7.3.1. Basic approaches 112
7.3.2. First-order moments 112
7.3.3. Moment magnifier method 113
7.3.4. Nominal curvature method 115 Example 7.1: uniaxially bent rectangular column 119
7.3.5. Other factors 121
7.3.6. Global second-order effects 123
7.3.7. Walls 123
7.3.8. Lateral buckling of slender beams 124
Chapter 8 Serviceability limit states 127
8.1. General 127
8.1.1. Assessment of design action effects 127
8.1.2. Material properties 128
8.2. Limitation of stresses under serviceability conditions 129
8.2.1. General 129
8.2.2. Procedure for stress checks 130 Example 8.1 135
8.3. Control of cracking 148
8.3.1. General 148
8.3.2. Minimum areas of reinforcement 150
8.3.3. Principles of the cracking phenomena 153
8.3.4. Derivation of crack prediction formulae 155
8.3.5. Checking cracking without direct calculation 157
DESIGNERS' GUIDE T O EN 1992-1-1 AN D EN 1992-1-2
Example 8.2 159
Eurocodes Download
8.3.6. Checking cracking by direct calculation 159
8.4 Control of deflections 159
8.4.1. General 159
8.4.2. Deflection limits 160
8.4.3. Design loads 161
8.4.4. Material properties 161
8.4.5. Model of behaviour 161
8.4.6. Simplified approach to checking deflections 171
Chapter 9 Durability 173
9.1. General 173
9.1.1. Historical perspective 173
9.1.2. Common mechanisms leading to the deterioration of concrete structures 174
9.1.3. Relative importance of deterioration mechanisms 176
9.2. Design for durability 177
Chapter 10 Detailing 181
10.1. General 181
10.2. Discussion of the general requirements 181
10.2.1. Cover to bar reinforcement 182
10.2.2. Spacing of bars 182
10.2.3. Mandrel diameters for bars 182
10.2.4. Basic anchorage length 182
10.3. Anchorage of longitudinal bars 182
10.3.1. Design anchorage length 185
10.3.2. Transverse reinforcement at anchorage 185
10.4. Anchorage of links 187
10.5. Laps for bars 187
10.5.1. General 187
10.5.2. Design lap length 187
10.5.3. Transverse reinforcement 187
10.6. Additional requirements for large diameter bars 187
10.7. Requirements for weld mesh 188
10.8. Bundled bars 189
10.9. Detailing requirements for particular member types 189
10.9.1. Beams 189
10.9.2. Slabs 193
10.9.3. Columns 194
10.9.4. Walls 195
10.9.5. Corbels 196
10.9.6. Nibs 197
10.9.7. Reinforcement in flat slabs 197
Chapter 11 Prestressed concrete 199
11.1. General 199
11.2. Summary of main clauses 199
11.3. Durability 199
11.4. Design data 202
11.4.1. Concrete 202
11.4.2. Prestressing steel 202
11.4.3. Partial factors 204
x
CONTENTS
11.5. Design of sections for flexure and axial load 204
11.5.1. Ultimate limit state 204
11.5.2. Serviceability limit state 205
11.6. Design of sections for shear and torsion 207
11.6.1. Shear 207
11.6.2. Torsion 209
11.7. Prestress losses 209
11.7.1. General 209
11.7.2. Friction in jack and anchorages 209
11.7.3. Duct friction 209
11.7.4. Elastic deformation 209
11.7.5. Anchorage draw-in or slip 210
11.7.6. Time-dependent losses 210
11.8. Anchorage zones 211
11.8.1. Pre tensioned members 211
11.8.2. Post-tensioned members 212
11.9. Detailing 213
11.9.1. Spacing of tendons and ducts 213
11.9.2. Anchorages and couplers 213
Introduction To Eurocode 2 Design Of Concrete Structures
11.9.3. Minimum area of tendons 213
11.9.4. Tendon profiles 215
Chapter 12 Structural fire design 217
12.1. Aims of design 217
12.2. Design procedure 217
12.3. Actions and partial factors 218
12.3.1. Actions 218
12.3.2. Material factors 218
12.4. Member analysis using tabular data 218
12.4.1. Scope 218
12.4.2. Basis for the tabulated data 219
12.4.3. Discussion of some features 219
12.5. Simple calculation methods 220
12.5.1. 500°C isotherm method 220
12.5.2. Zone method 221
12.5.3. AnnexE method 221
References 223
Index 225